Sprout Social: 50/277 (18.1%; 95% interval 14.0–23.0%). Forbes: 44/277 (15.9%; 95% interval 12.1–20.7%). Influencer Marketing Hub was also cited in 44/277 answers, level with Forbes. Hootsuite (38/277) and YouTube (34/277) are also within the margin. Untracked shopify.com (49/277) beat Forbes and Influencer Marketing Hub.
RESEARCH · Published July 20, 2026 · Updated November 7, 2026
Creator Sources Index 2.0: Five Sources Too Close to Call
AI answers analyzed across ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity
of 277 grounded answers cited Sprout Social (50/277)
tracked sources cited at least once (of 22)
of Google searches showed an AI Overview (66 of 66)
Version 2. This version replaces the first version of this study, first published July 20, 2026. It uses measured counts, so the two versions are not comparable. Version 2 asks 24 questions three times each on ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity (288 answers) and adds Google AI Overviews. Every rate comes with its count and a 95% interval.
What the data shows
50/277 (18.1%)
69/288 (24.0%)
54/72 (75%)
20/72 (27.8%)
50/277 (18.1%)
66/66 (100%)
57/66 (86.4%)
49/277 (17.7%)
Ranking of tracked sources by citation penetration across 277 grounded answers; not textual mentions.
Tracked sources by cited-answer penetration
| # | Name | Named in | Appearance rate | 95% interval |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sprout Social | 50/277 | 18.1% | 14.0–23.0% |
| 2 | Forbes | 44/277 | 15.9% | 12.1–20.7% |
| 3 | Influencer Marketing Hub | 44/277 | 15.9% | 12.1–20.7% |
| 4 | Hootsuite | 38/277 | 13.7% | 10.2–18.3% |
| 5 | YouTube | 34/277 | 12.3% | 8.9–16.7% |
| 6 | Substack | 27/277 | 9.7% | 6.8–13.8% |
| 7 | Beehiiv | 25/277 | 9.0% | 6.2–13.0% |
| 8 | Later | 25/277 | 9.0% | 6.2–13.0% |
| 9 | Digiday | 21/277 | 7.6% | 5.0–11.3% |
| 10 | Business Insider | 19/277 | 6.9% | 4.4–10.5% |
| 11 | TikTok | 17/277 | 6.1% | 3.9–9.6% |
| 12 | Buffer | 16/277 | 5.8% | 3.6–9.2% |
| 13 | CreatorIQ | 16/277 | 5.8% | 3.6–9.2% |
| 14 | Goldman Sachs | 7/277 | 2.5% | 1.2–5.1% |
| 15 | Patreon | 7/277 | 2.5% | 1.2–5.1% |
The full list
Tracked platforms only. Text mention and first-mention data remain separate in the evidence.
| # | Tracked source | Cited answers | Citation penetration | 95% interval | First mention | Own-domain citation | Citation share |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sprout Social | 50/277 | 18.1% | 14–23% | 2.7 | 18.1% (50/277) | 2.4% |
| 2 | Forbes | 44/277 | 15.9% | 12.1–20.7% | 2.1 | 15.9% (44/277) | 2.3% |
| 3 | Influencer Marketing Hub | 44/277 | 15.9% | 12.1–20.7% | 2.9 | 15.9% (44/277) | 1.9% |
| 4 | Hootsuite | 38/277 | 13.7% | 10.2–18.3% | 2.3 | 13.7% (38/277) | 1.6% |
| 5 | YouTube | 34/277 | 12.3% | 8.9–16.7% | 2 | 12.3% (34/277) | 1.5% |
| 6 | Substack | 27/277 | 9.7% | 6.8–13.8% | 3 | 9.7% (27/277) | 1.2% |
| 7 | Beehiiv | 25/277 | 9% | 6.2–13% | 1.9 | 9% (25/277) | 1.7% |
| 8 | Later | 25/277 | 9% | 6.2–13% | 2.5 | 9% (25/277) | 1.1% |
| 9 | Digiday | 21/277 | 7.6% | 5–11.3% | 3.8 | 7.6% (21/277) | 0.9% |
| 10 | Business Insider | 19/277 | 6.9% | 4.4–10.5% | 3.9 | 6.9% (19/277) | 0.9% |
| 11 | TikTok | 17/277 | 6.1% | 3.9–9.6% | 1.9 | 6.1% (17/277) | 1.6% |
| 12 | Buffer | 16/277 | 5.8% | 3.6–9.2% | 5 | 5.8% (16/277) | 0.7% |
| 13 | CreatorIQ | 16/277 | 5.8% | 3.6–9.2% | 2.1 | 5.8% (16/277) | 0.7% |
| 14 | Goldman Sachs | 7/277 | 2.5% | 1.2–5.1% | 1.8 | 2.5% (7/277) | 0.3% |
| 15 | Patreon | 7/277 | 2.5% | 1.2–5.1% | 2.7 | 2.5% (7/277) | 0.6% |
| 16 | Spotify | 6/277 | 2.2% | 1–4.6% | 2.6 | 2.2% (6/277) | 0.2% |
| 17 | Variety | 2/277 | 0.7% | 0.2–2.6% | – | 0.7% (2/277) | 0.1% |
| 18 | Marketing Brew | 1/277 | 0.4% | 0.1–2% | 8 | 0.4% (1/277) | 0% |
| 19 | Passionfruit | 1/277 | 0.4% | 0.1–2% | 4.6 | 0.4% (1/277) | 0% |
| 20 | The Information | 1/277 | 0.4% | 0.1–2% | 3.4 | 0.4% (1/277) | 0% |
| 21 | Tubefilter | 1/277 | 0.4% | 0.1–2% | 1.3 | 0.4% (1/277) | 0% |
| 22 | SignalFire | 0/277 | 0% | 0–1.4% | 3.7 | 0% (0/277) | 0% |
Top untracked domains beside the tracked ranking
The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).
| Domain | Cited answers | Penetration | Citation share |
|---|---|---|---|
| shopify.com | 49/277 | 17.7% | 2.4% |
| stan.store | 22/277 | 7.9% | 0.9% |
| dashsocial.com | 21/277 | 7.6% | 0.9% |
| reddit.com | 21/277 | 7.6% | 0.9% |
| backstage.com | 20/277 | 7.2% | 0.8% |
| influee.co | 20/277 | 7.2% | 0.9% |
| en.wikipedia.org | 19/277 | 6.9% | 1.2% |
| influenceflow.io | 19/277 | 6.9% | 0.9% |
| modash.io | 18/277 | 6.5% | 0.9% |
| everything-pr.com | 14/277 | 5.1% | 0.6% |
| circle.so | 13/277 | 4.7% | 0.7% |
| grandviewresearch.com | 13/277 | 4.7% | 0.5% |
| impact.com | 13/277 | 4.7% | 0.5% |
| influencerstrategists.com | 13/277 | 4.7% | 0.5% |
| brandwatch.com | 12/277 | 4.3% | 0.5% |
| hark.news | 12/277 | 4.3% | 0.6% |
| support.google.com | 12/277 | 4.3% | 0.6% |
| thecmo.com | 12/277 | 4.3% | 0.5% |
| amt.ai | 11/277 | 4.0% | 0.5% |
| devopscube.com | 11/277 | 4.0% | 0.5% |
Secondary measure: text mentions
Answers naming each tracked source in text, out of 288 four-engine answers. This is secondary; the main ranking above is citation penetration of grounded answers.
| # | Tracked source | Named answers | Appearance rate | Named first |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | YouTube | 178/288 | 61.8% | 69 |
| 2 | TikTok | 166/288 | 57.6% | 58 |
| 3 | Substack | 69/288 | 24.0% | 9 |
| 4 | Patreon | 66/288 | 22.9% | 12 |
| 5 | CreatorIQ | 61/288 | 21.2% | 30 |
| 6 | Sprout Social | 45/288 | 15.6% | 10 |
| 7 | Influencer Marketing Hub | 40/288 | 13.9% | 12 |
| 8 | Forbes | 30/288 | 10.4% | 20 |
| 9 | Beehiiv | 26/288 | 9.0% | 12 |
| 10 | Spotify | 24/288 | 8.3% | 13 |
| 11 | Later | 20/288 | 6.9% | 6 |
| 12 | Hootsuite | 18/288 | 6.3% | 5 |
| 13 | Business Insider | 15/288 | 5.2% | 0 |
| 14 | Goldman Sachs | 14/288 | 4.9% | 10 |
| 15 | The Information | 14/288 | 4.9% | 3 |
| 16 | Tubefilter | 10/288 | 3.5% | 7 |
| 17 | Passionfruit | 7/288 | 2.4% | 0 |
| 18 | Digiday | 4/288 | 1.4% | 0 |
| 19 | SignalFire | 3/288 | 1.0% | 1 |
| 20 | Buffer | 1/288 | 0.3% | 0 |
| 21 | Marketing Brew | 1/288 | 0.3% | 0 |
| 22 | Variety | 0/288 | 0.0% | 0 |
The top eight, side by side
| # | Name | Appearance rate | Answers and interval | Other measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sprout Social | 18.1% | Cited in 50/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 14.0–23.0% | first-mention position: 2.7; owned-domain citation (50/277): 18.1%; citation share: 2.4% |
| 2 | Forbes | 15.9% | Cited in 44/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 12.1–20.7% | first-mention position: 2.1; owned-domain citation (44/277): 15.9%; citation share: 2.3% |
| 3 | Influencer Marketing Hub | 15.9% | Cited in 44/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 12.1–20.7% | first-mention position: 2.9; owned-domain citation (44/277): 15.9%; citation share: 1.9% |
| 4 | Hootsuite | 13.7% | Cited in 38/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 10.2–18.3% | first-mention position: 2.3; owned-domain citation (38/277): 13.7%; citation share: 1.6% |
| 5 | YouTube | 12.3% | Cited in 34/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 8.9–16.7% | first-mention position: 2; owned-domain citation (34/277): 12.3%; citation share: 1.5% |
| 6 | Substack | 9.7% | Cited in 27/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.8–13.8% | first-mention position: 3; owned-domain citation (27/277): 9.7%; citation share: 1.2% |
| 7 | Beehiiv | 9.0% | Cited in 25/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.2–13.0% | first-mention position: 1.9; owned-domain citation (25/277): 9%; citation share: 1.7% |
| 8 | Later | 9.0% | Cited in 25/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.2–13.0% | first-mention position: 2.5; owned-domain citation (25/277): 9%; citation share: 1.1% |
Cited-answer penetration for tracked sources, using each engine’s own grounded-answer denominator.
ChatGPT
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Same questions, different answers
Claude
72 asked · 72 returned · 61 grounded
Gemini
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Perplexity
72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded
Which sources each engine cites
Up to three tracked sources cited in the most grounded answers, for each engine.
| Engine | Most-cited tracked sources (cited answers / grounded answers) |
|---|---|
| Four chat engines | Sprout Social (50/277), Forbes (44/277), Influencer Marketing Hub (44/277) |
| Google AI Overviews | YouTube (45/66), Forbes (11/66), Beehiiv (8/66) |
| ChatGPT | Influencer Marketing Hub (16/72), Sprout Social (13/72), Later (12/72) |
| Claude | Influencer Marketing Hub (16/61), Beehiiv (6/61), Sprout Social (6/61) |
| Gemini | YouTube (20/72), Forbes (17/72), Sprout Social (13/72) |
| Perplexity | Hootsuite (21/72), Forbes (18/72), Sprout Social (18/72) |
AI Overview rankings below use citations to tracked source domains; they are not pooled with text-mention rankings.
The fifth engine
Trigger rate: 66 of 66 searches
66 of 66 successful searches showed an AI Overview. YouTube was cited in 45/66 overviews (68.2%). Forbes was cited in 11/66 overviews (16.7%). Beehiiv was cited in 8/66 overviews (12.1%). Sprout Social was cited in 5/66 overviews (7.6%).
| Five-engine rank | Name | Five-engine rate | Four-engine rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | YouTube | 68.2% | 5 |
| 2 | Forbes | 16.7% | 2 |
| 3 | Beehiiv | 12.1% | 7 |
| 4 | Sprout Social | 7.6% | 1 |
| 5 | Substack | 6.1% | 6 |
| 6 | TikTok | 4.5% | 11 |
| 7 | Goldman Sachs | 4.5% | 14 |
| 8 | Spotify | 4.5% | 16 |
| 9 | Buffer | 1.5% | 12 |
| 10 | Influencer Marketing Hub | 0.0% | 3 |
Who each question surfaces first
Six questions, ranked by cited-domain penetration within each question’s grounded answers.
| Question | Leader | Next | AI Overview |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q01 · 12 grounded answers | Business Insider 50.0% | Hootsuite 41.7%; Influencer Marketing Hub 41.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches |
| Q02 · 12 grounded answers | TikTok 75.0% | Hootsuite 25.0%; Digiday 16.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches |
| Q03 · 12 grounded answers | Goldman Sachs 58.3% | Business Insider 33.3%; Sprout Social 25.0% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches |
| Q04 · 12 grounded answers | Sprout Social 58.3% | Hootsuite 50.0%; Influencer Marketing Hub 41.7% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches |
| Q05 · 9 grounded answers | CreatorIQ 44.4% | Forbes 44.4%; Sprout Social 44.4% | AI Overview shown on 2 of 2 successful searches |
| Q06 · 9 grounded answers | Later 33.3% | CreatorIQ 11.1%; Influencer Marketing Hub 11.1% | AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches |
The four engines produced 2,426 citations in total. shopify.com was cited most often, with 59 citations (2.4%) across 49 answers. Next came sproutsocial.com (56), forbes.com (51), influencermarketinghub.com (46), beehiiv.com (38), blog.hootsuite.com (33).
Four AI engines · share of 277 grounded answers
Most-cited domains
Google AI Overviews · share of 66 overviews
Citation share by source type
Share of all citations by the type of site cited.
| Source type | Four AI engines (of 2,426 citations) | Google AI Overviews (of 387 citations) |
|---|---|---|
| Other / unclassified | 1,198 (49.4%) | 112 (28.9%) |
| Company / brand sites | 479 (19.7%) | 30 (7.8%) |
| Community / social | 189 (7.8%) | 199 (51.4%) |
| General news / business press | 174 (7.2%) | 20 (5.2%) |
| Trade / specialist press | 137 (5.6%) | 0 (0%) |
| Research / data providers | 72 (3%) | 15 (3.9%) |
| Directories / rankings | 71 (2.9%) | 4 (1%) |
| Reference | 55 (2.3%) | 7 (1.8%) |
| Institutions / trade bodies | 20 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) |
| Review / comparison publishers | 17 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) |
| Official / government | 13 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) |
| General news / sports media | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
How can a brand get its facts onto the creator-economy sites AI engines cite?
These steps follow from the measured results above. They describe what the engines cited in this study and are not a guarantee of results.
| Step | What this study measured |
|---|---|
| Put your facts on your own domain. | Sprout Social's own domains were cited in 18.1% of grounded answers, Influencer Marketing Hub's in 15.9% and Forbes' in 15.9%. Sprout Social was named in only 15.6% of answers, yet its own domains were cited in 18.1%. |
| Keep your facts accurate on the sites engines cite. | The most-cited sites other than the tracked names' own were shopify.com (in 17.7% of grounded answers), stan.store (7.9%), dashsocial.com (7.6%), reddit.com (7.6%) and influee.co (7.2%). Community and social supplied 7.8% of citations and general news and business press 7.2%. |
| Check each engine separately. | Gemini named YouTube in 75.0% of answers against 50.0% on Perplexity. ChatGPT named Influencer Marketing Hub in 27.8% of answers against 2.8% on Perplexity. |
| Re-run the same questions every month. | Compare counts and intervals, not ranks. The 24 questions are in the appendix. |
What AI answers
Which tracked sources are cited most often?
Sprout Social was cited most often, but four other tracked sources are within its margin: Forbes, Influencer Marketing Hub, Hootsuite and YouTube. Sprout Social: 50/277 (18.1%; 95% interval 14.0–23.0%). Forbes: 44/277 (15.9%; 95% interval 12.1–20.7%). Their 95% intervals overlap; neither can be called the sole leader. The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).
Which source is named first most often?
YouTube was the first source named in 69 of 288 answers, with an average first position of 2.
How often do Google AI Overviews appear for these questions?
An overview appeared on 66 of 66 searches (100%, CI 94.5–100%). Within those 66 overviews, YouTube was named most often, in 57 (86.4%).
Which sources do the engines cite?
Across 2,426 four-engine citations, shopify.com was cited most (59 citations, in 49 of 277 grounded answers), followed by sproutsocial.com (56 citations).
Do the four engines agree?
Only in part. Gemini named YouTube in 54 of 72 answers, against 36 to 44 of 72 on the other engines. ChatGPT named Influencer Marketing Hub in 20 of 72 answers, against 2 to 11 of 72 on the other engines.
How this study was measured
24 questions × 3 runs each × 4 AI engines = 288 answers + 66 Google searches · 66 AI Overviews
24 questions asked three times on each of ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity, measured October 30, 2026. United States, English; Google retrieval uses desktop results. Models: gpt-5-mini, claude-sonnet-5-5, gemini-3.6-flash only, sonar-pro. Google AI Overviews come from DataForSEO, not inferred chat answers. Appearance counts returned text, including ungrounded answers; citation rates use grounded answers. Longer overlapping names suppress shorter ones; First mention is the earliest eligible name order. Own-domain rates include declared domains and subdomains; shared parent scopes may count for multiple names and cannot be summed as unique citations.
| Engine | Model IDs called | Asked | Returned | Grounded |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ChatGPT | gpt-5-mini | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Claude | claude-sonnet-5-5 | 72 | 72 | 61 |
| Gemini | gemini-3.6-flash | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Perplexity | sonar-pro | 72 | 72 | 72 |
| Google AI Overviews | DataForSEO Google SERP (live, advanced) | 66 | 66 shown | 66 |
Own-domain citations count a domain plus all its subdomains, with the same rule in every table.
Definitions
- Citation penetration: grounded answers citing tracked source domains ÷ grounded answers, with Wilson 95% intervals. Text mentions remain separate in the evidence.
- First mention: average order in which the tracked name first appears (1 = first).
- Own-domain citation: grounded answers citing the tracked name's domains ÷ grounded answers.
- Citation share: citations to the tracked name's domains ÷ all citations.
Limits
- Only 22 tracked sources are ranked; results are not an exhaustive market ranking.
- 354 of 360 planned results were returned. 6 AI Overview lookups were excluded after at most three total attempts.
- 66 successful Google searches: 66 overviews shown; 0 without an overview. Failures are excluded, not scored as zero.
- 11 chat answers had no search sources and are left out of the citation figures.
- Removing 4 Core questions naming tracked subjects leaves 229 eligible answers. The top two are Sprout Social (50/229) and Influencer Marketing Hub (37/229); their order changes.
- Unverified own domains are not available, never zero or guessed. Source types use Company / brand sites only for verified official organisations; other unresolved sites are Other / unclassified.
- Wilson 95% intervals are descriptive; overlapping leading intervals do not establish a sole leader. Measurements do not endorse medical, legal, financial or product claims.
- Citation-style sub-report. Three Core questions name tracked sources (YouTube, TikTok, Substack and Beehiiv) and one names MrBeast; all four are flagged.
- The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).
- Answers came from each engine's API (model IDs above); the consumer apps can answer differently.
The 24 questions
Questions marked "Core question" are the original study questions, asked word for word. The others are added neutral questions.
| # | Question | Group | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | How much do YouTubers earn per 1,000 views? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 02 | How does TikTok pay creators? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 03 | How big is the creator economy? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 04 | How much should a brand pay an influencer per post? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 05 | How do you measure ROI on influencer marketing? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 06 | How do you write a brief for an influencer campaign? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 07 | What is the best influencer marketing source? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 08 | Beehiiv vs Substack: which is better for a newsletter? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 09 | How do newsletters make money? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 10 | How much does MrBeast make? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 11 | What causes creator burnout? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 12 | What are the best sources for creator economy news? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Core question |
| 13 | How do creators make money on social media? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 14 | How much do short-form video creators earn? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 15 | How do video sources pay creators? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 16 | How much do micro-influencers charge per post? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 17 | What are the biggest influencer marketing agencies? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 18 | How do brands find influencers? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 19 | What is the creator economy? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 20 | How do podcasters make money? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 21 | How do membership sources for creators work? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 22 | What are the biggest trends in influencer marketing? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 23 | Who are the highest-paid online creators? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
| 24 | What are the best tools for managing influencer campaigns? | Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0 | Added question |
About 5W
5W is an independent PR, creative and AI Visibility agency founded in 2003, and we get you in the chatbox. All of our work is done in house, including media relations, site building and content. Learn more about our GEO practice or write to info@5wpr.com.
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