Skip to content
5WPR
Get in touch
Ragan PR Daily Awards5W is a 2026 PR Agency of the Year FinalistRagan's PR Daily Awards · Read the announcement →

RESEARCH · Published July 20, 2026 · Updated November 7, 2026

Creator Sources Index 2.0: Five Sources Too Close to Call

Sprout Social: 50/277 (18.1%; 95% interval 14.0–23.0%). Forbes: 44/277 (15.9%; 95% interval 12.1–20.7%). Influencer Marketing Hub was also cited in 44/277 answers, level with Forbes. Hootsuite (38/277) and YouTube (34/277) are also within the margin. Untracked shopify.com (49/277) beat Forbes and Influencer Marketing Hub.

288

AI answers analyzed across ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity

18.1%

of 277 grounded answers cited Sprout Social (50/277)

21

tracked sources cited at least once (of 22)

100%

of Google searches showed an AI Overview (66 of 66)

Version 2. This version replaces the first version of this study, first published July 20, 2026. It uses measured counts, so the two versions are not comparable. Version 2 asks 24 questions three times each on ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity (288 answers) and adds Google AI Overviews. Every rate comes with its count and a 95% interval.

What the data shows

01

50/277 (18.1%)

Sprout Social was cited most often, but four other tracked sources are within its margin: Forbes, Influencer Marketing Hub, Hootsuite and YouTube. Sprout Social: 50/277 (18.1%; 95% interval 14.0–23.0%). Forbes: 44/277 (15.9%; 95% interval 12.1–20.7%). Their 95% intervals overlap; neither can be called the sole leader. The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).
02

69/288 (24.0%)

YouTube was the first source named in 69 of 288 answers, more than any other tracked source. Its average first position was 2. Sprout Social was named first in 10 of 288.
03

54/72 (75%)

Gemini named YouTube in 54 of 72 answers. The other engines named it in 36 to 44 of 72.
04

20/72 (27.8%)

ChatGPT named Influencer Marketing Hub in 20 of 72 answers. The other engines named it in 2 to 11 of 72.
05

50/277 (18.1%)

Sprout Social's own domains were cited in 50 of 277 grounded answers, more than any other tracked source. Forbes followed at 44 of 277. 1 of 22 tracked sources had 0 of 277.
06

66/66 (100%)

Google AI Overviews appeared on 66 of 66 searches (CI 94.5–100%).
07

57/66 (86.4%)

YouTube was the source named most often in AI Overviews, at 57 of 66, followed by TikTok at 43 of 66 (65.2%). In the four-engine set, YouTube was named in 34 of 288 answers (12.3%).
08

49/277 (17.7%)

shopify.com was cited in 49 of 277 grounded four-engine answers, with 59 of 2,426 citations (2.4%). sproutsocial.com came second with 56 citations in 48 answers (17.3%).

Ranking of tracked sources by citation penetration across 277 grounded answers; not textual mentions.

Tracked sources by cited-answer penetration

Sprout Social
18.1%
Forbes
15.9%
Influencer Marketing Hub
15.9%
Hootsuite
13.7%
YouTube
12.3%
Substack
9.7%
Beehiiv
9.0%
Later
9.0%
Digiday
7.6%
Business Insider
6.9%
TikTok
6.1%
Buffer
5.8%
CreatorIQ
5.8%
Goldman Sachs
2.5%
Patreon
2.5%
#NameNamed inAppearance rate95% interval
1Sprout Social50/27718.1%14.0–23.0%
2Forbes44/27715.9%12.1–20.7%
3Influencer Marketing Hub44/27715.9%12.1–20.7%
4Hootsuite38/27713.7%10.2–18.3%
5YouTube34/27712.3%8.9–16.7%
6Substack27/2779.7%6.8–13.8%
7Beehiiv25/2779.0%6.2–13.0%
8Later25/2779.0%6.2–13.0%
9Digiday21/2777.6%5.0–11.3%
10Business Insider19/2776.9%4.4–10.5%
11TikTok17/2776.1%3.9–9.6%
12Buffer16/2775.8%3.6–9.2%
13CreatorIQ16/2775.8%3.6–9.2%
14Goldman Sachs7/2772.5%1.2–5.1%
15Patreon7/2772.5%1.2–5.1%

The full list

Tracked platforms only. Text mention and first-mention data remain separate in the evidence.

#Tracked sourceCited answersCitation penetration95% intervalFirst mentionOwn-domain citationCitation share
1Sprout Social50/27718.1%14–23%2.718.1% (50/277)2.4%
2Forbes44/27715.9%12.1–20.7%2.115.9% (44/277)2.3%
3Influencer Marketing Hub44/27715.9%12.1–20.7%2.915.9% (44/277)1.9%
4Hootsuite38/27713.7%10.2–18.3%2.313.7% (38/277)1.6%
5YouTube34/27712.3%8.9–16.7%212.3% (34/277)1.5%
6Substack27/2779.7%6.8–13.8%39.7% (27/277)1.2%
7Beehiiv25/2779%6.2–13%1.99% (25/277)1.7%
8Later25/2779%6.2–13%2.59% (25/277)1.1%
9Digiday21/2777.6%5–11.3%3.87.6% (21/277)0.9%
10Business Insider19/2776.9%4.4–10.5%3.96.9% (19/277)0.9%
11TikTok17/2776.1%3.9–9.6%1.96.1% (17/277)1.6%
12Buffer16/2775.8%3.6–9.2%55.8% (16/277)0.7%
13CreatorIQ16/2775.8%3.6–9.2%2.15.8% (16/277)0.7%
14Goldman Sachs7/2772.5%1.2–5.1%1.82.5% (7/277)0.3%
15Patreon7/2772.5%1.2–5.1%2.72.5% (7/277)0.6%
16Spotify6/2772.2%1–4.6%2.62.2% (6/277)0.2%
17Variety2/2770.7%0.2–2.6%–0.7% (2/277)0.1%
18Marketing Brew1/2770.4%0.1–2%80.4% (1/277)0%
19Passionfruit1/2770.4%0.1–2%4.60.4% (1/277)0%
20The Information1/2770.4%0.1–2%3.40.4% (1/277)0%
21Tubefilter1/2770.4%0.1–2%1.30.4% (1/277)0%
22SignalFire0/2770%0–1.4%3.70% (0/277)0%

Top untracked domains beside the tracked ranking

The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).

DomainCited answersPenetrationCitation share
shopify.com49/27717.7%2.4%
stan.store22/2777.9%0.9%
dashsocial.com21/2777.6%0.9%
reddit.com21/2777.6%0.9%
backstage.com20/2777.2%0.8%
influee.co20/2777.2%0.9%
en.wikipedia.org19/2776.9%1.2%
influenceflow.io19/2776.9%0.9%
modash.io18/2776.5%0.9%
everything-pr.com14/2775.1%0.6%
circle.so13/2774.7%0.7%
grandviewresearch.com13/2774.7%0.5%
impact.com13/2774.7%0.5%
influencerstrategists.com13/2774.7%0.5%
brandwatch.com12/2774.3%0.5%
hark.news12/2774.3%0.6%
support.google.com12/2774.3%0.6%
thecmo.com12/2774.3%0.5%
amt.ai11/2774.0%0.5%
devopscube.com11/2774.0%0.5%

Secondary measure: text mentions

Answers naming each tracked source in text, out of 288 four-engine answers. This is secondary; the main ranking above is citation penetration of grounded answers.

#Tracked sourceNamed answersAppearance rateNamed first
1YouTube178/28861.8%69
2TikTok166/28857.6%58
3Substack69/28824.0%9
4Patreon66/28822.9%12
5CreatorIQ61/28821.2%30
6Sprout Social45/28815.6%10
7Influencer Marketing Hub40/28813.9%12
8Forbes30/28810.4%20
9Beehiiv26/2889.0%12
10Spotify24/2888.3%13
11Later20/2886.9%6
12Hootsuite18/2886.3%5
13Business Insider15/2885.2%0
14Goldman Sachs14/2884.9%10
15The Information14/2884.9%3
16Tubefilter10/2883.5%7
17Passionfruit7/2882.4%0
18Digiday4/2881.4%0
19SignalFire3/2881.0%1
20Buffer1/2880.3%0
21Marketing Brew1/2880.3%0
22Variety0/2880.0%0

The top eight, side by side

#NameAppearance rateAnswers and intervalOther measures
1Sprout Social18.1%Cited in 50/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 14.0–23.0%first-mention position: 2.7; owned-domain citation (50/277): 18.1%; citation share: 2.4%
2Forbes15.9%Cited in 44/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 12.1–20.7%first-mention position: 2.1; owned-domain citation (44/277): 15.9%; citation share: 2.3%
3Influencer Marketing Hub15.9%Cited in 44/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 12.1–20.7%first-mention position: 2.9; owned-domain citation (44/277): 15.9%; citation share: 1.9%
4Hootsuite13.7%Cited in 38/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 10.2–18.3%first-mention position: 2.3; owned-domain citation (38/277): 13.7%; citation share: 1.6%
5YouTube12.3%Cited in 34/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 8.9–16.7%first-mention position: 2; owned-domain citation (34/277): 12.3%; citation share: 1.5%
6Substack9.7%Cited in 27/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.8–13.8%first-mention position: 3; owned-domain citation (27/277): 9.7%; citation share: 1.2%
7Beehiiv9.0%Cited in 25/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.2–13.0%first-mention position: 1.9; owned-domain citation (25/277): 9%; citation share: 1.7%
8Later9.0%Cited in 25/277 grounded answers · 95% interval 6.2–13.0%first-mention position: 2.5; owned-domain citation (25/277): 9%; citation share: 1.1%

Cited-answer penetration for tracked sources, using each engine’s own grounded-answer denominator.

ChatGPT

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

Same questions, different answers

Influencer Marketing Hub
22.2%
Sprout Social
18.1%
Later
16.7%
YouTube
15.3%
Hootsuite
12.5%
Substack
12.5%

Claude

72 asked · 72 returned · 61 grounded

Influencer Marketing Hub
26.2%
Sprout Social
9.8%
Beehiiv
9.8%
Later
6.6%
Hootsuite
4.9%
Digiday
4.9%

Gemini

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

YouTube
27.8%
Forbes
23.6%
Sprout Social
18.1%
Substack
13.9%
Beehiiv
13.9%
Influencer Marketing Hub
12.5%

Perplexity

72 asked · 72 returned · 72 grounded

Hootsuite
29.2%
Sprout Social
25.0%
Forbes
25.0%
Buffer
20.8%
Business Insider
18.1%
Digiday
15.3%

Which sources each engine cites

Up to three tracked sources cited in the most grounded answers, for each engine.

EngineMost-cited tracked sources (cited answers / grounded answers)
Four chat enginesSprout Social (50/277), Forbes (44/277), Influencer Marketing Hub (44/277)
Google AI OverviewsYouTube (45/66), Forbes (11/66), Beehiiv (8/66)
ChatGPTInfluencer Marketing Hub (16/72), Sprout Social (13/72), Later (12/72)
ClaudeInfluencer Marketing Hub (16/61), Beehiiv (6/61), Sprout Social (6/61)
GeminiYouTube (20/72), Forbes (17/72), Sprout Social (13/72)
PerplexityHootsuite (21/72), Forbes (18/72), Sprout Social (18/72)

AI Overview rankings below use citations to tracked source domains; they are not pooled with text-mention rankings.

The fifth engine

100%

Trigger rate: 66 of 66 searches

66 of 66 successful searches showed an AI Overview. YouTube was cited in 45/66 overviews (68.2%). Forbes was cited in 11/66 overviews (16.7%). Beehiiv was cited in 8/66 overviews (12.1%). Sprout Social was cited in 5/66 overviews (7.6%).

Five-engine rankNameFive-engine rateFour-engine rank
1YouTube68.2%5
2Forbes16.7%2
3Beehiiv12.1%7
4Sprout Social7.6%1
5Substack6.1%6
6TikTok4.5%11
7Goldman Sachs4.5%14
8Spotify4.5%16
9Buffer1.5%12
10Influencer Marketing Hub0.0%3

Who each question surfaces first

Six questions, ranked by cited-domain penetration within each question’s grounded answers.

QuestionLeaderNextAI Overview
Q01 · 12 grounded answersBusiness Insider 50.0%Hootsuite 41.7%; Influencer Marketing Hub 41.7%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches
Q02 · 12 grounded answersTikTok 75.0%Hootsuite 25.0%; Digiday 16.7%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches
Q03 · 12 grounded answersGoldman Sachs 58.3%Business Insider 33.3%; Sprout Social 25.0%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches
Q04 · 12 grounded answersSprout Social 58.3%Hootsuite 50.0%; Influencer Marketing Hub 41.7%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches
Q05 · 9 grounded answersCreatorIQ 44.4%Forbes 44.4%; Sprout Social 44.4%AI Overview shown on 2 of 2 successful searches
Q06 · 9 grounded answersLater 33.3%CreatorIQ 11.1%; Influencer Marketing Hub 11.1%AI Overview shown on 3 of 3 successful searches

The four engines produced 2,426 citations in total. shopify.com was cited most often, with 59 citations (2.4%) across 49 answers. Next came sproutsocial.com (56), forbes.com (51), influencermarketinghub.com (46), beehiiv.com (38), blog.hootsuite.com (33).

Four AI engines · share of 277 grounded answers

Most-cited domains

shopify.com
17.7%
sproutsocial.com
17.3%
influencermarketinghub.com
15.9%
forbes.com
15.2%
blog.hootsuite.com
11.9%
later.com
8.7%
beehiiv.com
8.3%
stan.store
7.9%
digiday.com
7.6%
dashsocial.com
7.6%

Google AI Overviews · share of 66 overviews

youtube.com
68.2%
reddit.com
37.9%
forbes.com
16.7%
beehiiv.com
12.1%
instagram.com
12.1%
linkedin.com
12.1%
stan.store
12.1%
upfluence.com
10.6%
grandviewresearch.com
9.1%
facebook.com
9.1%

Citation share by source type

Share of all citations by the type of site cited.

Source typeFour AI engines (of 2,426 citations)Google AI Overviews (of 387 citations)
Other / unclassified1,198 (49.4%)112 (28.9%)
Company / brand sites479 (19.7%)30 (7.8%)
Community / social189 (7.8%)199 (51.4%)
General news / business press174 (7.2%)20 (5.2%)
Trade / specialist press137 (5.6%)0 (0%)
Research / data providers72 (3%)15 (3.9%)
Directories / rankings71 (2.9%)4 (1%)
Reference55 (2.3%)7 (1.8%)
Institutions / trade bodies20 (0.8%)0 (0%)
Review / comparison publishers17 (0.7%)0 (0%)
Official / government13 (0.5%)0 (0%)
General news / sports media1 (0%)0 (0%)

How can a brand get its facts onto the creator-economy sites AI engines cite?

These steps follow from the measured results above. They describe what the engines cited in this study and are not a guarantee of results.

StepWhat this study measured
Put your facts on your own domain.Sprout Social's own domains were cited in 18.1% of grounded answers, Influencer Marketing Hub's in 15.9% and Forbes' in 15.9%. Sprout Social was named in only 15.6% of answers, yet its own domains were cited in 18.1%.
Keep your facts accurate on the sites engines cite.The most-cited sites other than the tracked names' own were shopify.com (in 17.7% of grounded answers), stan.store (7.9%), dashsocial.com (7.6%), reddit.com (7.6%) and influee.co (7.2%). Community and social supplied 7.8% of citations and general news and business press 7.2%.
Check each engine separately.Gemini named YouTube in 75.0% of answers against 50.0% on Perplexity. ChatGPT named Influencer Marketing Hub in 27.8% of answers against 2.8% on Perplexity.
Re-run the same questions every month.Compare counts and intervals, not ranks. The 24 questions are in the appendix.

What AI answers

Which tracked sources are cited most often?

Sprout Social was cited most often, but four other tracked sources are within its margin: Forbes, Influencer Marketing Hub, Hootsuite and YouTube. Sprout Social: 50/277 (18.1%; 95% interval 14.0–23.0%). Forbes: 44/277 (15.9%; 95% interval 12.1–20.7%). Their 95% intervals overlap; neither can be called the sole leader. The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).

Which source is named first most often?

YouTube was the first source named in 69 of 288 answers, with an average first position of 2.

How often do Google AI Overviews appear for these questions?

An overview appeared on 66 of 66 searches (100%, CI 94.5–100%). Within those 66 overviews, YouTube was named most often, in 57 (86.4%).

Which sources do the engines cite?

Across 2,426 four-engine citations, shopify.com was cited most (59 citations, in 49 of 277 grounded answers), followed by sproutsocial.com (56 citations).

Do the four engines agree?

Only in part. Gemini named YouTube in 54 of 72 answers, against 36 to 44 of 72 on the other engines. ChatGPT named Influencer Marketing Hub in 20 of 72 answers, against 2 to 11 of 72 on the other engines.

How this study was measured

24 questions × 3 runs each × 4 AI engines = 288 answers + 66 Google searches · 66 AI Overviews

24 questions asked three times on each of ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini and Perplexity, measured October 30, 2026. United States, English; Google retrieval uses desktop results. Models: gpt-5-mini, claude-sonnet-5-5, gemini-3.6-flash only, sonar-pro. Google AI Overviews come from DataForSEO, not inferred chat answers. Appearance counts returned text, including ungrounded answers; citation rates use grounded answers. Longer overlapping names suppress shorter ones; First mention is the earliest eligible name order. Own-domain rates include declared domains and subdomains; shared parent scopes may count for multiple names and cannot be summed as unique citations.

EngineModel IDs calledAskedReturnedGrounded
ChatGPTgpt-5-mini727272
Claudeclaude-sonnet-5-5727261
Geminigemini-3.6-flash727272
Perplexitysonar-pro727272
Google AI OverviewsDataForSEO Google SERP (live, advanced)6666 shown66

Own-domain citations count a domain plus all its subdomains, with the same rule in every table.

Definitions

  • Citation penetration: grounded answers citing tracked source domains ÷ grounded answers, with Wilson 95% intervals. Text mentions remain separate in the evidence.
  • First mention: average order in which the tracked name first appears (1 = first).
  • Own-domain citation: grounded answers citing the tracked name's domains ÷ grounded answers.
  • Citation share: citations to the tracked name's domains ÷ all citations.

Limits

  • Only 22 tracked sources are ranked; results are not an exhaustive market ranking.
  • 354 of 360 planned results were returned. 6 AI Overview lookups were excluded after at most three total attempts.
  • 66 successful Google searches: 66 overviews shown; 0 without an overview. Failures are excluded, not scored as zero.
  • 11 chat answers had no search sources and are left out of the citation figures.
  • Removing 4 Core questions naming tracked subjects leaves 229 eligible answers. The top two are Sprout Social (50/229) and Influencer Marketing Hub (37/229); their order changes.
  • Unverified own domains are not available, never zero or guessed. Source types use Company / brand sites only for verified official organisations; other unresolved sites are Other / unclassified.
  • Wilson 95% intervals are descriptive; overlapping leading intervals do not establish a sole leader. Measurements do not endorse medical, legal, financial or product claims.
  • Citation-style sub-report. Three Core questions name tracked sources (YouTube, TikTok, Substack and Beehiiv) and one names MrBeast; all four are flagged.
  • The ranking covers tracked sources only. Untracked cited domains include shopify.com (49 answers), stan.store (22 answers), dashsocial.com (21 answers), reddit.com (21 answers), backstage.com (20 answers), influee.co (20 answers), en.wikipedia.org (19 answers), influenceflow.io (19 answers), modash.io (18 answers), everything-pr.com (14 answers).
  • Answers came from each engine's API (model IDs above); the consumer apps can answer differently.

The 24 questions

Questions marked "Core question" are the original study questions, asked word for word. The others are added neutral questions.

#QuestionGroupSource
01How much do YouTubers earn per 1,000 views?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
02How does TikTok pay creators?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
03How big is the creator economy?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
04How much should a brand pay an influencer per post?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
05How do you measure ROI on influencer marketing?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
06How do you write a brief for an influencer campaign?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
07What is the best influencer marketing source?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
08Beehiiv vs Substack: which is better for a newsletter?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
09How do newsletters make money?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
10How much does MrBeast make?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
11What causes creator burnout?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
12What are the best sources for creator economy news?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Core question
13How do creators make money on social media?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
14How much do short-form video creators earn?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
15How do video sources pay creators?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
16How much do micro-influencers charge per post?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
17What are the biggest influencer marketing agencies?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
18How do brands find influencers?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
19What is the creator economy?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
20How do podcasters make money?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
21How do membership sources for creators work?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
22What are the biggest trends in influencer marketing?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
23Who are the highest-paid online creators?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question
24What are the best tools for managing influencer campaigns?Creator Economy Sources Index 2.0Added question

About 5W

5W is an independent PR, creative and AI Visibility agency founded in 2003, and we get you in the chatbox. All of our work is done in house, including media relations, site building and content. Learn more about our GEO practice or write to info@5wpr.com.

Full report

Read the PDF

Download PDF

Get in touch

Let's build your next chapter.

Tell us what you're working on. A senior strategist will respond within one business day.

Email
info@5wpr.com
Phone
212.999.5585
Offices
Miami · HQ100 SE 2nd Street, Floor 38
Miami, FL 33131
Tampa110 South 12th Street
Tampa, FL 33602
New York469 7th Avenue, Floor 8
New York, NY 10018